목차
국제사회에서 기본적인 권리로 인정하고 있다. 구체적으로 ILO 협약 제87호 결사의 자유 및 단결권의 보호에 관한 협약(Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948, No. 87)과 제98호 단결권 및 단체교섭에 대한 원칙의 적용에 관한 협약(Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949, No. 98) , 제151호 공공부문의 단결권 보호 및 고용조건의 결정절차에 관한 협약(C151 Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention, 1978)등이 있다.
(참조 - ILO 노동입법 가이드라인 http://www.kli.re.kr/iloguide/main.htm)
제33조 ①근로자는 근로조건의 향상을 위하여 자주적인 단결권·단체교섭권 및 단체행동권을 가진다.
②공무원인 근로자는 법률이 정하는 자에 한하여 단결권·단체교섭권 및 단체행동권을 가진다.
③법률이 정하는 주요방위산업체에 종사하는 근로자의 단체행동권은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 이를 제한하거나 인정하지 아니할 수 있다.
프랑스 1946년 헌법 전문(前文)
인간은 누구나 노동조합활동에 의하여 그의 권리와 이익을 지키며 또한 그가 선택한 노동조합에 참가할 수 있다.
파업권은 이를 규제하는 법률의 범위 내에서 행사할 수 있다.
근로자는 누구나 그의 대표를 통하여 근로조건의 집단적 결정과 기업의 경영에 참가한다.
All men may defend their rights and interests through union action and may belong to the union of their choice.
The right to strike shall be exercised within the framework of the laws governing it.
All workers shall, through the intermediary of their representatives, participate in the collective determination of their conditions of work and in the management of the work place.
(출처 - 여기)
프랑스는 憲法 前文에 의거하여 국민들의 일반적인 기본권을 인정하고 있다고 볼 수가 있는데, 즉 1789년 인권선언의 17개 조항과 1946년 헌법 前文에 대하여 현행 헌법 前文에서 인정하고 있는 것이다. 1946년 헌법의 전문은 남녀의 평등과 근로의 권리, 망명권, 파업권, 아동·모성 및 노약자의 보호, 교육을 받을 권리 등 다양한 권리들을 선언하고 있다. (중략) 프랑스 憲法裁判所는 1970년 6월 19일 결정에서 처음으로 헌법 前文에 대하여 언급을 하고 있다. 즉 "헌법과 특히 전문 그리고 제53조와 제54조, 제60조에 근거하여"라고 하면서 판단의 근거가 되는 규범을 설정하면서 헌법 前文을 언급을 하고 있으나, 결정문의 이유나 주문에는 이에 대한 설명이 없었다. 따라서 프랑스 憲法裁判所가 실질적으로 憲法 前文에 대하여 법적 효력을 인정하기 시작한 것은 1971년 7월 16일 결정인 것이다. 이 결정에서 처음으로 이유에서 憲法 前文의 헌법적 효력을 인정하였던 것이다.
(출처 - http://www.kpla.or.kr/FileBoard/87haksul/bal-6.html)
독일연방공화국 기본법 (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland)
제9조 [결사의 자유]
(1) 모든 독일인은 단체와 조합을 결성할 권리를 갖는다.
(2) 그 목적이나 활동이 형법에 위반되거나 헌법질서 또는 국제이해의 사상에 반하는 단체는 금지된다.
(3) 노동조건과 경제조건의 유지와 개선을 위하여 단체를 결성할 권리는 누구에게나 그리고 모든 직업에도 보장된다. 이 권리를 제한하거나 방해하려는 협정은 무효이며 목적으로 하는 조치는 위법이다. 제12a조, 제35조 제2항 및 제3항, 제87a조 제4항과 제91조에 의한 조치는 제1문의 의미에서의 단체가 노동조건과 경제조건의 유지와 개선을 위해서 하는 노동쟁의에 대하여 취해질 수 없다.
(번역문 출처 - http://cafe.naver.com/hiig/109)
Art 9
(1) Alle Deutschen haben das Recht, Vereine und Gesellschaften zu bilden.
(2) Vereinigungen, deren Zwecke oder deren Tätigkeit den Strafgesetzen zuwiderlaufen oder die sich gegen die verfassungsmäßige Ordnung oder gegen den Gedanken der Völkerverständigung richten, sind verboten.
(3) Das Recht, zur Wahrung und Förderung der Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsbedingungen Vereinigungen zu bilden, ist für jedermann und für alle Berufe gewährleistet. Abreden, die dieses Recht einschränken oder zu behindern suchen, sind nichtig, hierauf gerichtete Maßnahmen sind rechtswidrig. Maßnahmen nach den Artikeln 12a, 35 Abs. 2 und 3, Artikel 87a Abs. 4 und Artikel 91 dürfen sich nicht gegen Arbeitskämpfe richten, die zur Wahrung und Förderung der Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsbedingungen von Vereinigungen im Sinne des Satzes 1 geführt werden.
(출처 - http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/index.html)
일본국 헌법
제28조 노동자의 단결할 권리와 단체교섭 기타 단체행동할 권리는 보장된다.
第二十八條
勤勞者の團結する權利及び團體交涉その他の團體行動をする權利は、これを保障する。
(출처 - 위키)
이탈리아 헌법
제39조 노동조합을 조직하는 것은 자유이다.
제40조 파업의 권리는 이를 규제하는 법률의 범위 내에서 행사될 수 있다.
Title III - Art. 39
Trade unions have the right to organise themselves freely.
No obligations can be imposed on trade unions other than registration at local or central offices, according to the provisions of the law.
A condition for registration is that the statutes of the trade unions establish their internal organisation on a democratic basis.
Registered trade unions are legal persons. They may, through a unified representation that is proportional to their membership, enter into collective labour agreements that have a mandatory effect for all persons belonging to the categories referred to in the agreement.
Title III - Art. 40
The right to industrial action shall be exercised in compliance with the law.
(출처 - 여기)
미국 헌법
미국 헌법에는 노동3권에 관한 명문 규정이 없지만, 연방대법원 판례상 노동3권은 '불문헌법'상의 기본권(fundamental right)으로 인정된다. 판례 - NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1(1937)
(참조 - http://supreme.justia.com/us/301/1/case.html)
러시아 헌법
Article 30 [Association]
(1) Everyone has the right to association, including the right to create trade unions in order to protect one's interests. The freedom of public associations activities is guaranteed.
(2) No one may be coerced into joining any association or into membership thereof.
Article 37 [Work]
(1) Work is free. Everyone has the right to make free use of his or her abilities for work and to choose a type of activity and occupation.
(2) Forced labor is prohibited.
(3) Everyone has the right to work under conditions meeting the requirements of safety and hygiene, to remuneration for work without any discrimination whatsoever and not below the statutory minimum wage, and also the right to security against unemployment.
(4) The right to individual and collective labor disputes with the use of means of resolution thereof established by federal law, including the right to strike, is recognized.
(출처 - http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/)
스웨덴 헌법
Article 17
Any trade union or employer or association of employers shall be entitled to take strike or lock-out action or any similar measure unless otherwise provided by law or arising out of an agreement.
(출처 - http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/)
스페인 헌법
Chapter 2 Division 1 Section 28
(1) All have the right to freely join a trade union. The law may restrict or except the exercise of this right in the Armed Forces or Institutes or other bodies subject to military discipline, and shall lay down the special conditions of its exercise by civil servants. Trade union freedom includes the right to set up trade unions and to join the union of one's choice, as well as the right of trade unions to form confederations and to found international trade union organizations, or to become members thereof. No one may be compelled to join a trade union.
(2) The right of workers to strike in defence of their interests is recognized. The law governing the exercise of this right shall establish the safeguards necessary to ensure the maintenance of essential public services.
(출처 - http://www.senado.es/constitu_i/index.html)
대만(중화민국) 헌법
第一百五十四條
勞資雙方應本協調合作原則，發展生產事業。勞資糾紛之調解與仲裁，以法律定之。
Article 154
Management and labor shall act in accordance with the principles of harmony and cooperation for the development of productive enterprises. Conciliation and arbitration of disputes between capital and labor shall be prescribed by law.
(출처 - 행정원노공위원회 http://www.cla.gov.tw)
대만에는 노동3권에 관한 헌법 규정이 없다. 이 때문에 노동계 등에서는 노동권 입헌(入憲) 주장을 한다.
포르투갈 헌법
Article 54
(Workers’ committees)
1. Workers shall possess the right to form workers’ committees to defend their interests
and democratically intervene in company life.
2. Decisions to form workers’ committees shall be taken by the workers in question,
who shall approve the committees’ by-laws and shall elect their members by direct,
secret ballot.
3. Coordinating committees may be created with a view to improving intervention in
economic restructuring and to guaranteeing workers’ interests.
4. Committee members shall enjoy the legal protection accorded to trade union
delegates.
5. Workers’ committees shall possess the right:
a) To receive all the information needed to perform their tasks;
b) To monitor the management of businesses;
c) To participate in corporate restructuring processes, especially in relation to training
actions or when working conditions are altered;
d) To take part in drawing up labour legislation and economic and social plans that
address their sector;
e) To manage, or participate in the management of, businesses’ social activities;
f) To promote the election of workers’ representatives to the management bodies of
businesses that belong to the state or other public bodies, as laid down by law.
Article 55
(Freedoms concerning trade unions)
1. Workers shall be free to form and operate trade unions as a condition and guarantee
of the building of their unity in defence of their rights and interests.
2. In exercising their freedom to form and operate trade unions, workers shall
particularly be guaranteed the following, without any discrimination:
a) Freedom to form trade unions at every level;
b) Freedom of membership. No worker shall be obliged to pay dues to a union to which
he does not belong;
c) Freedom to determine the organisation and internal regulations of trade unions;
d) The right to engage in trade union activities in businesses;
e) The right to political views, in the forms laid down in the respective by-laws.
3. Trade unions shall be governed by the principles of democratic organisation and
management, to be based on periodic elections of their managing bodies by secret
ballot, without the need for any authorisation or homologation, and shall be founded on
active worker participation in every aspect of trade union activity.
4. Trade unions shall be independent of employers, the state, religious denominations,
and parties and other political associations, and the law shall lay down such guarantees
as may be appropriate to that independence, which is fundamental to the unity of the
working classes.
5. Trade unions shall possess the right to establish relations with or join international
trade union organisations.
6. Workers’ elected representatives shall enjoy the right to be informed and consulted,
as well as to adequate legal protection against any form of subjection to conditions,
constraints or limitations in the legitimate exercise of their functions.
Article 56
(Trade union rights and collective agreements)
1. Trade unions shall be responsible for defending and promoting the defence of the
rights and interests of the workers they represent.
2. Trade unions shall possess the right:
a) To take part in drawing up labour legislation;
b) To take part in the management of social security institutions and other organisations
that seek to fulfil workers’ interests;
c) To give their opinion on economic and social plans and supervise their
implementation;
d) To be represented on social conciliation bodies, as laid down by law;
e) To take part in corporate restructuring processes, especially in relation to training
actions or when working conditions are altered.
3. Trade unions shall be responsible for the exercise of the right to enter into collective
agreements, which shall be guaranteed as laid down by law.
4. The law shall lay down the rules governing the legitimacy to enter into collective
labour agreements and the validity of their provisions.
Article 57
(Right to strike and prohibition of lock-outs)
1. The right to strike shall be guaranteed.
2. Workers shall be responsible for defining the scope of the interests that are to be
defended by a strike and the law shall not limit that scope.
3. The law shall define the conditions under which such services as are needed to ensure
the safety and maintenance of equipment and facilities and such minimum services as
are indispensable to the fulfilment of essential social needs are provided during strikes.
4. Lock-outs shall be prohibited.
(출처 - http://app.parlamento.pt/site_antigo/ingles/cons_leg/Constitution_VII_revisao_definitive.pdf)
핀란드 헌법
Section 13 - Freedom of assembly and freedom of association
Everyone has the right to arrange meetings and demonstrations without a permit, as well as the right to participate in them.
Everyone has the freedom of association. Freedom of association entails the right to form an association without a permit, to be a member or not to be a member of an association and to participate in the activities of an association.
The freedom to form trade unions and to organise in order to look after other interests is likewise guaranteed.
More detailed provisions on the exercise of the freedom of assembly and the freedom of association are laid down by an Act.
(출처 - http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf)
폴란드 헌법
Article 57
The freedom of peaceful assembly and participation in such assemblies shall be ensured to everyone. Limitations upon such freedoms may be imposed by statute.
Article 58
The freedom of association shall be guaranteed to everyone.
Associations whose purposes or activities are contrary to the Constitution or statutes shall be prohibited. The courts shall adjudicate whether to permit an association to register or to prohibit an association from such activities.
Statutes shall specify types of associations requiring court registration, a procedure for such registration and the forms of supervision of such associations.
Article 59
The freedom of association in trades unions, socio-occupational organizations of farmers, and in employers' organizations shall be ensured.
Trade unions and employers and their organizations shall have the right to bargain, particularly for the purpose of resolving collective disputes, and to conclude collective labour agreements and other arrangements.
Trade unions shall have the right to organize workers' strikes or other forms of protest subject to limitations specified by statute. For protection of the public interest, statutes may limit or forbid the conduct of strikes by specified categories of employees or in specific fields.
The scope of freedom of association in trade unions and in employers' organizations may only be subject to such statutory limitations as are permissible in accordance with international agreements to which the Republic of Poland is a party.
(출처 - http://www.trybunal.gov.pl/eng/index.htm)
루마니아 헌법
ARTICLE 41
Labour and social protection of labour
(1) The right to work shall not be restricted. Everyone has a free choice of his/her profession, trade or occupation, as well as work place.
(2) All employees have the right to measures of social protection. These concern employees' safety and health, working conditions for women and young people, the setting up of a minimum gross salary per economy, weekends, paid rest leave, work performed under difficult and special conditions, as well as other specific conditions, as stipulated by the law.
(3) The normal duration of a working day is of maximum eight hours, on the average.
(4) On equal work with men, women shall get equal wages.
(5) The right to collective labour bargaining and the binding force of collective agreements shall be guaranteed.
ARTICLE 43
Right to strike
(1) The employees have the right to strike in the defence of their professional, economic and social interests.
(2) The law shall regulate the conditions and limits governing the exercise of this right, as well as the guarantees necessary to ensure the essential services for the society.
(출처 - http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=2#t2c2s0a41)
스위스 헌법
Article 28 Freedom to Unionize
(1) Employees, employers, and their organizations have the right to unionize for the protection of their interests, to form unions and to join or refrain from joining them.
(2) Conflicts ought to be settled by negotiation and mediation as far as possible.
(3) Strike and lockout are permitted, provided they concern labor relations and do not violate any obligation to keep labor peace or to resort to conciliation.
(4) The law may prohibit strikes by certain groups of persons.
Article 110 Labor
(1) The Federation may adopt rules on:
a. the protection of employees;
b. the relationship between employees and employers, particularly the common regulation on operational and occupational affairs.
c. employment services;
d. generally binding effect of collective agreements
(2) Collective agreements may be declared of general force, if they account for the legitimate minority interests and regional differences appropriately, and respect the principle of equality before the law and the freedom of coalition.
(3) August 1 is Federal National Day. In labour law, it is coequal to a Sunday, and paid.
멕시코 헌법
Article 123
The Congress of the Union, without contravening the following basic principles, shall formulate labor laws which shall apply to:
A. Workers, day laborers, domestic servants, artisans (obreros, jornaleros, empleados domésticos, artesanos) and in a general way to all labor contracts:
XVI. Both employers and workers shall have the right to organize for the defense of their respective interests, by forming unions, professional associations, etc.
XVII. The laws shall recognize strikes and lockouts as rights of workmen and employers.
(출처 - http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917const.html#TitleVI)
유럽연합헌법의 일부인 '유럽연합기본권헌장'
제28조
단체교섭과 단체행동의 권리
노동자와 사용자 또는 그들의 대표단체들은 노동관계법령과 국내법과 관행에 따라 적정한 수준에서 단체교섭과 단체협약을 체결할 권리를 갖고 있으며, 이익분쟁의 경우 그들의 이익을 유지 또는 증진시키기 위하여 파업을 포함하는 단체행동을 할 수 있다.
Article 28
Right of collective bargaining and action
Workers and employers, or their respective organisations, have, in accordance with Community law and national laws and practices, the right to negotiate and conclude collective agreements at the appropriate levels and, in cases of conflicts of interest, to take collective action to defend their interests, including strike action.
"[유럽연합기본권헌장] 제28조는 단체협상과 단체행동의 권리를 보장하고 있다. 제28조는 개인적 권리(“모든 노동자와 사용자”)로 규정되어 있을 뿐만 아니라 단체협약당사자들의 조직들도 권리주체로서 고려하고 있다. 특히, 논란의 대상이 되었던 것은 단체행동을 위한 조치들을 예시적으로 구체화하는 일(파업)이었다. 몇몇 대표자들이 파업권을 명시적으로 언급할 경우 사용자의 직장폐쇄권도 명시하여야 한다는 입장을 취했기 때문이었다. 이와 같은 입장은 관련 국제인권문서에 단체행동의 양 조치들이 명시된 예가 없는 반면에 파업권을 명시적으로 언급하고 있는 일련의 예(가령, 경제적․사회적․문화적 권리에 관한 국제협약 제8조 및 유럽사회헌장 제6조 제4항)가 존재하고 있기 때문에 관철될 수 없었다."
(출처 - 유럽연합기본권헌장/아시아인권헌장, 광주시민연대/프리드리히 에베르트재단)
결사의 자유 및 단결권 보호에 관한 협약 제87호 (1948년)
노동조합의 자유가 공권력으로부터 침해당하지 않고 보호받도록 하는 것을 목적으로 함.
단결권 및 단체교섭권의 원칙 적용에 관한 협약 제98호 (1949년)
노사간 상호불간섭 원칙을 통한 노동기본권 보호
공공부문에서의 단결권 보호 및 적용에 관한 협약 제151호 (1978년)
공무원 등 공공부문 근로자 및 근로자단체의 노동3권에 대한 규정.
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주요 판례
근로3권의 성격 - 1998.2.27. 94헌바13등
실업자의 근로3권 주체성 여부 - 2004.2.27. 2001두8568
사용자의 단체교섭거부에 대한 형사처벌 위헌 여부 - 2002.12.28 2002헌바12
소극적 단결권, 유니온샵 조항의 위헌여부 - 2005.11.24 2002헌바95
인사권에 속한 사항의 단체교섭 - 1992.5.12. 91다34523
경영권에 속한 사항의 단체교섭 - 1994.8.26. 93누8993
피켓팅과 직장점거의 한계 - 1990.10.12 90도1431
주요방위산업체 종사자의 단체행동권의 제한 - 1998.2.27. 95헌바10
노동쟁의 제3자 개입금지 - 1993.3.11. 92헌바33
필수공익사업장에서의 강제중재제도 - 2003.5.15. 2001헌가31
(참조 - 신노동판례요약집 2006, 중앙노동위원회)
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